Acknowledgements
Development of this web version of the Disinfection 101 document was made possible through a grant (award number AWD-025393-00001) from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) through the National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program (NADPRP).
References
Bohm R. 1998. Disinfection and hygiene in the veterinary field and disinfection of animal houses and transport vehicles. International Biodeterioration and Biodegredation. 1998;41:217-224.
Cutler TD, Zimmerman JJ. Ultraviolet irradiation and the mechanisms underlying its inactivation of infectious agents. Anim Health Res Rev. 2011 Jun;12(1):15-23.
Dee S, Cano JP, Spronk G, Reicks D, Ruen P, Pitkin A, Polson D. Evaluation of the long-term effect of air filtration on the occurrence of new PRRSV infections in large breeding herds in swine-dense regions. Viruses. 2012 May;4(5):654-62.
Dee S, Torremorell M, Thompson B, Deen J, Pijoan C. An evaluation of thermo-assisted drying and decontamination for the elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from contaminated livestock transport vehicles. Can J Vet Res. 2005 Jan;69(1):58-63.
Denyer, S. P., and G. S. A. B. Stewart. 1998. Mechanisms of action of disinfectants. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 41:261–268.
Ford WB. Disinfection procedures for personnel and vehicles entering and leaving contaminated premises. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 1995:14(2):393-401.
Fotheringham VJC. Disinfection of livestock production premises. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 1995:14(1):191-205.
Jeffrey DJ. Chemicals used as disinfectants: Active ingredients and enhancing additives. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 1995:14(1):57-74.
Kahrs RF. General disinfectant guidelines. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 1995:14(1):105-122.
Langsrud S, Sundheim G, Borgmann-Strahsen R. Intrinsic and acquired resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in food-related Pseudomonas spp. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;95(4):874-82.
Luyckx, K., VanWeyenberg, S., Dewulf, J., Herman, L., Zoons, J., Vervaet, E., Heyndrick:x:, M., De Reu, K. On-farm comparisons of different cleaning protocols in broiler houses. Poultry Science 2015:94, 1986-1993.
Maillard J. Ch 3: Factors affecting the activities of microbiocides. In: Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe’s: Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation, and Sterilization, 5th edition. Edited by: AP Fraise, JY Maillard, SA Sattar. 2013. Blackwell Publishing. p71-86.
Maillard, J. Y. 2002. Bacterial target sites for biocide action. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92(Suppl.):16S–27S.
Maris P. Modes of action of disinfectants. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 1995:14(1):47-55.
McDonnell GE, Hansen J. Block’s Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. Ed: G. McDonnell. 6th edition. Philadelphia:Wolters Klewer Health. 2021.
McDonnell GE. Ch 2: Physical disinfection. In: McDonnell GE. Antisepsis, Disinfection and Sterilization: Types, Action and Resistance. Washington DC: ASM Press. 2017 p61-84
McDonnell GE. Ch 3: Chemical disinfection. In: McDonnell GE. Antisepsis, Disinfection and Sterilization: Types, Action and Resistance. Washington DC: ASM Press. 2017 p85-165.
Meroz M, Samberg Y. Disinfecting poultry production premises. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 1995:14(2):273-291.
Morgan-Jones S. Practical aspects of disinfection and infection control. In: Disinfection in veterinary and farm animal practice. AH Linton, WB Hugo, AD Russell, eds. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford. p144-167.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Chlorine. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/chlorine/.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Formaldehyde. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/formaldehyde/.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Glutaraldehyde. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2001-115/.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Hydrogen peroxide. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hydrogen-peroxide/.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Phenol. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/phenol/.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Sodium hydroxide. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/sodium-hydroxide/.
National Pesticide Information Center. Antimicrobials. Topic Fact Sheet. Available at: http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/antimicrobials.html.
National Pesticide Information Center. Quaternary ammonium compounds ADBAC and DDAC fact sheet. Available at: http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/quats.html.
National Pesticide Information Center. Selecting the right antimicrobial product. Available at: http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/quats.html.
National Pesticide Information Center. Selecting the Right Antimicrobial Product. Available at: http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ptype/amicrob/select.html.
Portner JA. Guidelines for reducing pathogens in vet hospitals: Disinfectant selection, cleaning protocols, and hand hygiene. Comp Contin Edu for Vets 2010;32(5): E1-11.
Quinn PJ, Markey BK. Disinfection and disease prevention in veterinary medicine. In: Block SS, editor. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2001; pp1069-1103.
Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Leonard FC, FitzPatrick ES, Fanning S, Hartigan PJ. Ch 94. Disinfection, biosecurity and other aspects of disease control. In: Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, 2nd edition. 2011 Blackwell Publishing LTD. Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex. p851-889.
Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Leonard FC, FitzPatrick ES. 2021. Ch. 52. Disinfection and biosecurity and the prevention and control of disease in veterinary medicine. IN: GE McDonnell, J Hansen (Eds.), Block’s Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. 6th edition. Philadelphia:Wolters Klewer Health. 2021.
Ruston C, Zhang J, Scott J, Zhang M, Graham K, Linhares D, Breuer M, Karriker L, Holtkamp D. Efficacy of ultraviolet C exposure for inactivating Senecavirus A on experimentally contaminated surfaces commonly found on swine farms. Vet Microbiol. 2021 May;256:109040.
Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guidelines for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. Department of Health and Human Services, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. P1-158. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/disinfection-guidelines-H.pdf.
Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Selection of the ideal disinfectant. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014 Jul;35(7):855-65.
Sattar SA. Hierarchy of susceptibility of viruses to environmental surface disinfectants: a predictor of activity against new and emerging viral pathogens. J AOAC Int. 2007;90(6):1655-1658
Stringfellow K, Anderson P, Caldwell D, et al. Evaluation of disinfectants commonly used by the commercial poultry industry under simulated field conditions. Poultry Science 2009;88:1151-1155.
Stull JW, Bjorvik E, Bub J, Dvorak G, Petersen C, Troyer HL. 2018 AAHA infection control, prevention, and biosecurity guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2018 Nov/Dec;54(6):297-326. https://www.aaha.org/aaha-guidelines/infection-control-configuration/aaha-infection-control-prevention-and-biosecurity-guidelines/.
Traverse M, Aceto H. Environmental cleaning and disinfection. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2015 Mar;45(2):299-330.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Potential pesticides to use against the causative agents of selected foreign animal disease in farm settings. 2011, https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergency_management/downloads/fad_epa_disinfectants.pdf.
USDA APHIS. Emergency Management Disinfectants. January 2023. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/emergency-management/CT_disinfectants.
USDA APHIS. HPAI Response. Using Heat Treatment for Virus Elimination. April 2022. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergency_management/downloads/hpai/heattreatment.pdf.
USDA Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Plan (FAD PREP) National Animal Health Emergency Management System (NAHEM). NAHEMS Guidelines: Cleaning and Disinfection. July 2014. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergency_management/downloads/nahems_guidelines/cleaning_disfection.pdf.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Hydrogen peroxide factsheet CAS#7722-84-1. Available at: https://semspub.epa.gov/work/05/930029.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Hydrogen peroxide Factsheet. Available at: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-000595_30-Jan-02.pdf.
U.S. EPA. Label Review Manual. Chapter 3: General labeling Requirements. (March 2018). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-10/documents/chap-03-dec-2014.pdf.
U.S. EPA. Label Review Manual. Chapter 12: Labeling Claims (Nov 2013) https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-10/documents/chap-12-nov-2013.pdf.
U.S. EPA. Product Performance Test Guidelines, OCSPP 810.2200: Disinfectants for Use on Environmental Surfaces Guidance for Efficacy Testing. EPA 712-C-17-004 February 2018. https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0150-0036.
U.S. EPA. Requirements for pesticide labels. Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR part 156) (10/06/2022) https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-156?toc=1.
U.S. EPA. What’s the difference between products that disinfect, sanitize, and clean surfaces? Last updated July 5, 2022. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/whats-difference-between-products-disinfect-sanitize-and-clean-surfaces.
Van Kessel J, Strom S, et al. Time and temperature requirements for heat inactivation of pathogens to be applied to swine transport trailers. J Swine Health Prod. 2021:29(1) 19-28.
Van Kessel J, Strom S, et al. Time and temperature requirements for improved heat killing of pathogens in swine transport trailers. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2020. Available at; https://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?aid=51479.
Wales AD, Gosling RJ, Bare HL, Davies RH. Disinfectant testing for veterinary and agricultural applications: A review. Zoonoses Public Health. 2021 Aug;68(5):361-375. Weber DJ, Consoli SA, Rutala WA. Occupational health risks associated with the use of germicides in health care. Am J Infect Control. 2016 May;44(5 Suppl):e85-9.